Bacillus subtilis phosphorylated PhoP:: Direct activation of the EσA- and repression of the EσE-responsive phoB-PS+V promoters during pho response

The phoB gene of Bacillus subtilis encodes an alkaline phosphatase (PhoB, formerly alkaline phosphatase III) that is expressed from separate promoters during phosphate deprivation in a PhoP-PhoR-dependent manner and at stage two of sporulation under phosphate-sufficient conditions independent of PhoP-PhoR. Isogenic strains containing either the complete phoB promoter or individual phoB promoter fusions were used to assess expression from each promoter under both induction conditions. The phoB promoter responsible for expression during sporulation, phoB-P, was expressed in a wild-type strain during phosphate deprivation, but induction occurred > 3 h later than induction of Pho regulon genes and the levels were approximately 50-fold lower than that observed for the PhoPR-dependent promoter, phoB-P-V. E sigma(E) was necessary and sufficient for P-S expression in vitro. P-S expression in a phoPR mutant strain was delayed 2 to 3 h compared to the expression in a wild-type strain, suggesting that expression or activation of sigma(E) is delayed in a phoPR mutant under phosphate-deficient conditions, an observation consistent with a role for PhoPR in spore development under these conditions. Phosphorylated PhoP (PhoP similar to P) repressed P-S in vitro via direct binding to the promoter, the first example of an E sigma(E)-responsive promoter that is repressed by PhoP similar to P. Whereas either PhoP or PhoP similar to P in the presence of E sigma(A) was sufficient to stimulate transcription from the phoB-P-V promoter in vitro, roughly 10- and 17-fold-higher concentrations of PhoP than of PhoP similar to P were required for Pv promoter activation and maximal promoter activity, respectively. The promoter for a second gene in the Pho regulon, ykoL, was also activated by elevated concentrations of unphosphorylated Phol? in vitro. However, because no Pho regulon gene expression was observed in vivo during P-i-replete growth and PhoP concentrations increased only threefold in vivo during phoPR autoinduction, a role for unphosphorylated PhoP in Pho regulon activation in vivo is not likely.