Continuous four-dimensional source attribution for the Berlin area during two days in July 1994. Part I: the new Euler-Lagrange-model system LaMM5

The multiple nested three-dimensional mesoscale Eulerian grid point model MM5 was directly coupled with a Lagrangian particle trajectory model in order to perform a four-dimensional source attribution for the area of Berlin based on the import probability density (IPD) distribution of the according receptor box. Within the resulting model system LaMM5 introduced here, the IPD distributions are not based on backward trajectories, which lack the recognition of the turbulent environment, but on the forward integration of a huge amount (order of Million per day) of particle releases according to an emission scenario which is approximately continuous in space and time. Hence the receptor import record yields an accordingly continuous IPD distribution. Much attention has been paid on spatial and temporal resolution at the interface between both model parts (online-coupling) and the interface itself has been extended by the turbulent quantities resulting from the higher-order turbulence closure of the Eulerian model part. LaMM5 is applied on an episode with high photochemical activity across Berlin at two consecutive days (25th and 26th of July in 1994) with varying meteorological conditions leading to an accordingly different source attribution. The main results are: The decay of the Berlin IPD with increasing source-receptor distance and time appears in an exponential manner if only sources out of a constant level (z = 25 m) are regarded. Heterogeneous wind fields in time and space enhance the contributions (emissions) of nearby sources to the total import of the receptor in contrast to stationary wind fields which increase the scope of the IPD distribution in upstream direction. There are further results from several additional sensitivity studies, presented in a companion paper B (Part II). (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.