It's been a hard day's night: The concentration and intensification of work in late twentieth-century Britain

This paper presents evidence on trends in work pressure in late twentieth-century Britain. The main findings are: (1) Aver age hours of work levelled off at the start of the 1980s, following a long historic fall, but have not increased since. However, the dispersion of hours has increased, and working hours have been concentrated into fewer households. (2) Work effort has been intensified since 1981. Intensification was greatest in manufacturing during the 1980s, and in the public sector during the 1990s. (3) Between 1986 and 1997 there have been substantial increases in the number of sources of pressure inducing hard work from employees.