Microglial glutamate release evoked by α-synuclein aggregates is prevented by dopamine

When activated, microglial cells have the potential not only to secrete typical proinflammatory mediators but also to release the neurotransmitter glutamate in amounts that may promote excitotoxicity. Here, we wished to determine the potential of the Parkinson's disease (PD) protein alpha-Synuclein (alpha S) to stimulate glutamate release using cultures of purified microglial cells. We established that glutamate release was robustly increased when microglial cultures were treated with fibrillary aggregates of alpha S but not with the native monomeric protein. Promotion of microglial glutamate release by alpha S aggregates (alpha Sa) required concomitant engagement of TLR2 and P2X7 receptors. Downstream to cell surface receptors, the release process was mediated by activation of a signaling cascade sequentially involving phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and NADPH oxidase, a superoxide-producing enzyme. Inhibition of the Xc- antiporter, a plasma membrane exchange system that imports extracellular l-cystine and exports intracellular glutamate, prevented the release of glutamate induced by alpha Sa, indicating that system Xc- was the final effector element in the release process downstream to NADPH oxidase activation. Of interest, the stimulation of glutamate release by alpha Sa was abrogated by dopamine through an antioxidant effect requiring D-1 dopamine receptor activation and PI3K inhibition. Altogether, present data suggest that the activation of microglial cells by alpha Sa may possibly result in a toxic build-up of extracellular glutamate contributing to excitotoxic stress in PD. The deficit in dopamine that characterizes this disorder may further aggravate this process in a vicious circle mechanism.