The Santa Cruz eddy. Part II: Mechanisms of formation

The formation mechanism of the Santa Cruz eddy (SCE) is investigated using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5). Simulations of 25-26 August 2000 showed that two eddy instances formed on that night, a finding supported by observations. The two eddies had similar behavior: they both formed in the sheltered Santa Cruz, California, area and then moved southeastward, to finally dissipate after 7-11 h. However, the first eddy had greater vorticity, wind speed, horizontal and vertical extents, and lifetime than the second eddy. Numerical simulations showed that the SCEs are formed by the interaction of the main northwesterly flow with the topographic barrier represented by the Santa Cruz Mountains to the north of Monterey Bay. Additional numerical experiments were undertaken with no diurnal heating cycle, no (molecular or eddy) viscosity, and no horizontal thermal gradients at ground level. In all cases, vertical vorticity was still created by the tilting of horizontal vorticity generated by the solenoidal term in the vorticity equation. This baroclinic process appeared to be the fundamental formation mechanism for both SCEs, but more favorable conditions in the late afternoon (including a south-to-north pressure gradient, flow turning due to the sea breeze, and an expansion fan) coincided to intensify the first eddy.