Genetics of the mammalian circadian system: Photic entrainment, circadian pacemaker mechanisms, and posttranslational regulation

被引:231
作者
Lowrey, PL
Takahashi, JS
机构
[1] Northwestern Univ, Dept Neurobiol & Physiol, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
[2] Northwestern Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
关键词
circadian clock genes; suprachiasmatic nucleus; photoreceptor; cryptochrome; casein kinase I epsilon;
D O I
10.1146/annurev.genet.34.1.533
中图分类号
Q3 [遗传学];
学科分类号
071007 ; 090102 ;
摘要
During the past four years, significant progress has been made in identifying the molecular components of the mammalian circadian clock system. An autoregulatory transcriptional feedback loop similar to that described in Drosophila appears to form the core circadian rhythm generating mechanism in mammals. Two basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) PAS (PER-ARNT-SIM) transcription factors, CLOCK and BMAL1, form the positive elements of the system and drive transcription of three Period and two Cryptochrome genes. The protein products of these genes are components of a negative feedback complex that inhibits CLOCK and BMAL1 to close the circadian loop. In this review, we focus on three aspects of the circadian story in mammals: the genetics of the photic entrainment pathway; the molecular components of the circadian pacemaker in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus; and the role of posttranslational regulation of circadian elements. A molecular description of the mammalian circadian system has revealed that circadian oscillations may be a fundamental property of many cells in the body and that a circadian hierarchy underlies the temporal organization of animals.
引用
收藏
页码:533 / 562
页数:32
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