Glutamine decreases intestinal nuclear factor kappa B activity and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression after traumatic brain injury in rats

Objective: To investigate whether glutamine supplementation modulates intestinal nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) activity and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats. Materials and methods: Right parietal cortical contusion in male rats was made by the weight-dropping method. After trauma, the rats were randomly given chow alone or glutamine mixed chow for 5 d. Gut samples were extracted at 5 d postinjury. We measured NF-kappa B binding activity by electrophoretic mobility shift assay; NF-kappa B subunits p50 and p65 expression by immunohistochemistry; the concentrations of interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; intestinal mucosal morphological changes by histopathological study and electron microscopy; and apoptosis by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining. Results: Administration of glutamine following TBI could decrease NF-kappa B binding activity, NF-kappa B p65 protein expression and concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the gut. TBI-induced damage of gut structure was ameliorated after glutamine supplementation. Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that the therapeutic benefit of post-TBI glutamine supplementation might be due to its inhibitory effects on intestinal NF-kappa B activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression.