Analysis of salivary glands of patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome has yielded, conflicting results with respect to T helper (Th)1/Th2 polarization. This balance might parallel the progress of the local lesions. B-cells are now taking center stage in this disease. They can also be primed to differentiate into two cytokine-production pathways, dubbed B effector (Be) 1 and Be2 cells. This is discussed in the light of our recent finding that Be I accompany Th1, while Be2 accompany in the tissue lesions. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.