Sources of social self-efficacy expectations: Their measurement and relation to career development

The present study resulted in the development of a measure for the foul sources of self-efficacy expectations postulated by Bandura's (1977, 1997) theory in the domain of social behaviors. The four sources subscales were internally consistent and related as postulated to relevant criterion measures and theoretical constructs. Examination of the degree to which the four sources of social self-efficacy were empirically (as opposed to theoretically) distinct provided conclusions similar to those of previous research on the sources of mathematics self-efficacy expectations, most importantly the clustering of Past Performance, Emotional Arousal, and Social Persuasion (all direct learning experiences) distinct from Vicarious Learning, an indirect learning experience. (C) 2001 Academic Press.