High-Performance, Air-Stable, Low-Temperature Processed Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells Enabled by Atomic Layer Deposition

We demonstrate high-performance, air-stable, low-temperature processed (<= 100 degrees C) semitransparent (ST) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) by the applications of atomic layer deposition (ALD) technology to deposit ZnO and Al2O3 films as cathode buffer layer (CBL) and encapsulation layer, respectively. The application of ALD,ZnO film as CBL in PSCs delivers several remarkable features, including fine-tunability of the work function of the electrode, low deposition temperature (80 degrees C), high Charge selectivity, good electron-transporting ability (filed-effect mobility = 16.1 cm(2) V-1 s(-1)), and excellent film coverage. With these desired interfacial properties, the device with opaque Ag electrode delivers high power conversion efficiency (PCE) up to 16.5%, greatly outperforming the device with State-of-the-art CBL ZnO nanoparticles film (10.8%). For ST PSCs employing Ag nanowires as transparent top electrode, a remarkable PCE of 10.8% with a corresponding average visible transmittance (AVT) of 25.5% is demonstrated, which represents the highest PCE ever reported for ST PSCs with similar AVT. More significantly, the insufficient ambient stability of ST device is significantly improved by employing excellent gas-barrier performance of ALD Al2O3-based encapsulation layer with an oxygen transmission rate of 1.9 x 10(-3) cm(3) m(-2) day(-1) and a water vapor transmittance rate of 9.0 x 10(-4) g m(-2) day(-1).