Early growth response factor-1 mediates prostaglandin E2-dependent transcriptional suppression of cytokine-induced tumor necrosis factor-α gene expression in human macrophages and rheumatoid arthritis-affected synovial fibroblasts

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a pleiotropic pro-inflammatory cytokine that modulates a broad range of inflammatory and immunological processes. We have investigated the potential immunomodulatory properties of prostaglandin E-2 (PGE(2)) by examining the molecular mechanism by which the eicosanoid suppresses T-cell-derived interleukin-17 (IL-17)-induced TNF-alpha mRNA expression and protein synthesis in human macrophages and rheumatoid arthritis-affected synovial fibroblasts. Initial studies confirmed that PGE2 induces egr-1 mRNA expression and protein synthesis by restricted SAPK2/p38 MAPK-dependent activating transcription factor-2 (ATF-2) dimer transactivation of the egr-1 promoter as judged by studies using wild-type (WT) and deletion mutant egr-1 promoter constructs, Northern and Western blotting, and standard and supershift electrophoretic mobility shift analyses. Using human leukemic monocytic THP-1 cells stably transfected with WT and dominant-negative mutant expression constructs of Egr-1, cotransfected or not with a WT pTNF-615SVOCAT construct, we observed that PGE2 inhibition of IL-17-stimulated TNF-alpha mRNA expression and promoter activity was dependent on Egr-1 expression, as mutants of Egr-1, alone or in combination, markedly abrogated any inhibitory effect of PGE2. Standard and supershift electrophoretic mobility shift analysis, signaling "decoy" overexpression studies, and pTNF-615SVOCAT promoter assays using WT and mutant promoter constructs revealed that IL-17-up-regulated promoter activity was largely dependent on ATF-2/c-Jun transactivation. PGE(2) suppression of IL-17-inducedATF-2/c-Jun transactivation and DNA binding was dependent on Egr-1-mediated inhibition of induced c-Jun expression. We suggest that egr-1 is an immediate-early PGE(2) target gene that may be a key regulatory factor in mediating eicosanoid control of genes involved in the immune and inflammatory responses.