Mapping of periodic waveforms using the ghost reconstructed alternating current estimation (GRACE) magnetic resonance imaging technique

A new method of estimating alternating currents using ghost images created when the magnetic field from a fluctuating current modulates the phase of the magnetic resonance (MR) signal between successive phase-encode views is described. The method, known as ghost reconstructed alternating current estimation (GRACE), may be useful for directly mapping fields, and hence current impulses produced by neuronal firing events when synchronized periodic modulation can be induced. Images were acquired on a 1.5 T MR system with small oil capsule phantoms and a single wire with an applied alternating current, placed perpendicular to the main field direction. Computer simulations of these experiments yielded ghost images that agreed with experimental results. A simulated ghost image resulting from an evoked neuronal waveform is also discussed. Weak magnetic fields were detected from both sinusoidal and square wave modulations. (C) 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.