Heated granular fluids: The random restitution coefficient approach

We introduce the model of inelastic hard spheres with random restitution coefficient ct, in order to account for the fact that, in a vertically shaken granular system interacting elastically with the vibrating boundary, the energy injected vertically is transferred to the horizontal degrees of freedom through collisions only, which leads to heating through collisions, i.e. to inelastic horizontal collisions with an effective restitution coefficient that can be larger than 1. This allows the system to reach a nonequilibrium steady state, where we focus, in particular, on the single-particle velocity distribution f(v) in the horizontal plane, and on its deviation from a Maxwellian. Molecular Dynamics simulations and Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) show that, depending on the distribution of ct, different shapes of f(v) can be obtained, with very different high-energy tails. Moreover, the fourth cumulant of the velocity distribution quantifying the deviations from Gaussian statistics is obtained analytically from the Boltzmann equation and successfully tested against the simulations.