Two- and three-dimensional photonic crystals built with VLSI tools

Basic 2D and 3D photonic-crystal structures operating at optical wavelengths have been experimentally realized in Si and GaAs. The next challenge in photonic-crystal research is to integrate superior photonic-crystal devices on-chip, comshy; pactly and effectively. The resulting optical subsystems will have an enhanced optical functionality to meet, for example, the needs for high-bandwidth communications networks. Another equally important challenge is in the integration of optically functional materials with a photonic crystal to achieve active photonic-crystal devices. Two distinct examples are the introduction of nonlinear materials for high-speed optical switching and the infiltration of a gain medium for highly efficient light-emitting applications. © Materials Research Society 2001.