Glycosyl glycerides from hydroponic Panax ginseng inhibited NO production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells

Background: Although the aerial parts of hydroponic Panax ginseng are reported to contain higher contents of total ginsenosides than those of roots, the isolation and identification of active metabolites from the aerial parts of hydroponic P. ginseng have not been carried out so far. Methods: The aerial parts of hydroponic P. ginseng were applied on repeated silica gel and octadecylsilane columns to yield four glycosyl glycerides (Compounds 1-4), which were identified based on nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry data. Compounds 1-4 were evaluated for inhibition activity on NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Results and conclusion: The glycosyl glycerides were identified to be (2S)-1-O-7(Z),10(Z),13(Z)-hexadecatrienoyl-3-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol (1), (2S)-1-O-linolenoyl-3-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol (2), (2S)-1-O-linolenoyl-2-O-linolenoyl-3-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol (3), and 2(S)-1-O-linoleoyl-2-O-linoleoyl-3-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol (4). Compounds 1 and 2 showed moderate inhibition activity on NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells [half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50): 63.8 +/- 6.4 mu M and 59.4 +/- 6.8 mu M, respectively] without cytotoxicity at concentrations < 100 mu M, whereas Compounds 3 and 4 showed good inhibition effect (IC50: 7.7 +/- 0.6 mu M and 8.0 +/- 0.9 mu M, respectively) without cytotoxicity at concentrations < 20 mu M. All isolated compounds showed reduced messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in LPS-induced macrophage cells with strong inhibition of mRNA activity observed for Compounds 3 and 4. Copyright (C) 2015, The Korean Society of Ginseng, Published by Elsevier. All rights reserved.