Hypertension in chronic kidney disease and dialysis: Pathophysiology and management

Hypertension affects 24% of the adult United States population [1]. In the United States, 3% of the adult population has an elevated serum creatinine level, and 70% of these patients have hypertension [2]. The prevalence of hypertension in chronic kidney disease (CKD) depends on the patient's age and the severity of renal failure, proteinuria, and underlying renal disease [3]. As patients with CKD progress to end-stage renal disease (ESRD), 86% are diagnosed with hypertension [4]. It has long been recognized that kidney function affects and is affected by hypertension. This article discusses the pathophysiology and management of hypertension in patients with CKD.