A pilot study using scripted ventilation conditions to identify key factors affecting indoor pollutant concentration and air exchange rate in a residence

被引:48
作者
Johnson, T
Myers, J
Kelly, T
Wisbith, A
Ollison, W
机构
[1] TRJ Environm Inc, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA
[2] Battelle Mem Inst, Columbus, OH 43201 USA
[3] Amer Petr Inst, Washington, DC USA
来源
JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY | 2004年 / 14卷 / 01期
关键词
indoor/outdoor factors; penetration factors; air-exchange rate; benzene; formaldehyde; carbon monoxide; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; nitric oxides; nitrogen oxides; microenvironment; exposure assessment;
D O I
10.1038/sj.jea.7500294
中图分类号
X [环境科学、安全科学];
学科分类号
08 ; 0830 ;
摘要
A pilot study was conducted using an occupied, single-family test house in Columbus, OH, to determine whether a script-based protocol could be used to obtain data useful in identifying the key factors affecting air-exchange rate (AER) and the relationship between indoor and outdoor concentrations of selected traffic-related air pollutants. The test script called for hourly changes to elements of the test house considered likely to influence air flow and AER, including the position ( open or closed) of each window and door and the operation (on/off) of the furnace, air conditioner, and ceiling fans. The script was implemented over a 3-day period (January 30 - February 1, 2002) during which technicians collected hourly-average data for AER, indoor, and outdoor air concentrations for six pollutants ( benzene, formaldehyde ( HCHO), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), carbon monoxide ( CO), nitric oxide ( NO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx)), and selected meteorological variables. Consistent with expectations, AER tended to increase with the number of open exterior windows and doors. The 39 AER values measured during the study when all exterior doors and windows were closed varied from 0.36 to 2.29 h(-1) with a geometric mean (GM) of 0.77 h(-1) and a geometric standard deviation (GSD) of 1.435. The 27 AER values measured when at least one exterior door or window was opened varied from 0.50 to 15.8 h(-1) with a GM of 1.98 h(-1) and a GSD of 1.902. AER was also affected by temperature and wind speed, most noticeably when exterior windows and doors were closed. Results of a series of stepwise linear regression analyses suggest that ( 1) outdoor pollutant concentration and ( 2) indoor pollutant concentration during the preceding hour were the "variables of choice'' for predicting indoor pollutant concentration in the test house under the conditions of this study. Depending on the pollutant and ventilation conditions, one or more of the following variables produced a small, but significant increase in the explained variance (R-2-value) of the regression equations: AER, number and location of apertures, wind speed, air-conditioning operation, indoor temperature, outdoor temperature, and relative humidity. The indoor concentrations of CO, PAH, NO, and NOx were highly correlated with the corresponding outdoor concentrations. The indoor benzene concentrations showed only moderate correlation with outdoor benzene levels, possibly due to a weak indoor source. Indoor formaldehyde concentrations always exceeded outdoor levels, and the correlation between indoor and outdoor concentrations was not statistically significant, indicating the presence of a strong indoor source.
引用
收藏
页码:1 / 22
页数:22
相关论文
共 24 条
[1]   Indoor air quality in homes, offices and restaurants in Korean urban areas - Indoor/outdoor relationships [J].
Baek, SO ;
Kim, YS ;
Perry, R .
ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT, 1997, 31 (04) :529-544
[2]  
BROWN V, 1995, P HLTH BUILD 95 MIL, V1, P385
[3]   National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS): distributions and associations of lead, arsenic and volatile organic compounds in EPA Region 5 [J].
Clayton, CA ;
Pellizzari, ED ;
Whitmore, RW ;
Perritt, RL ;
Quackenboss, JJ .
JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY, 1999, 9 (05) :381-392
[4]  
CRUMP DR, 1997, INDOOR BUILT ENVIRON, V6, P45
[5]  
DRAPER NR, 1981, APPL REGRESSION ANAL, P311
[6]   VOC source identification from personal and residential indoor, outdoor and workplace microenvironment samples in EXPOLIS-Helsinki, Finland [J].
Edwards, RD ;
Jurvelin, J ;
Koistinen, K ;
Saarela, K ;
Jantunen, M .
ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT, 2001, 35 (28) :4829-4841
[7]   The effect of opening windows on air change rates in two homes [J].
Howard-Reed, C ;
Wallace, LA ;
Ott, WR .
JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION, 2002, 52 (02) :147-159
[8]  
*ICF CONS TRJ ENV, 2000, DEV MICR FACT HAPEM4
[9]   Aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmospheric environment - Part II: univariate and multivariate analysis and case studies of indoor concentrations [J].
Ilgen, E ;
Levsen, K ;
Angerer, J ;
Schneider, P ;
Heinrich, J ;
Wichmann, HE .
ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT, 2001, 35 (07) :1253-1264
[10]  
Johnson T., 2000, Estimation of carbon monoxide exposures and associated carboxyhemoglobin levels for residents of Denver and Los Angeles using pNEM/CO (Version 2.1)