Distal ligand reactivity and quaternary structure studies of proximally detached hemoglobins

The linkage between the proximal histidines and the proximal polypeptide in normal adult human hemoglobin (Hb A) has been proposed to play a major role in transmitting allosteric effects between oxygen binding sites [Perutz, M. F. (1970) Nature 228, 726-734]. Here we present circular dichroism (CD), H-1 NMR, analytical ultracentrifugation, and stopped-flow kinetic data to better define the quaternary structure of hemoglobins in which the linkage between the proximal histidines and the polypeptide backbone has been broken [Barrick et al. Not. Struct. Biol. 4, 78-83 (1997)] and to characterize the distal ligand binding properties of these proximally detached Hbs. CD spectroscopy indicates that rHb (alpha H87G) and rHb (alpha H87G/beta H92G) retain at least partial T-quaternary structure with distal ligand bound, whereas rHb (beta H92G) does not, consistent with H-1 NMR spectra. Analytical ultracentrifugation reveals significant tetramer dissociation in rHb (beta H92G) to be the likely cause of loss of T-state markers. These quaternary structure studies indicate that in distally liganded Hb, the T-state is compatible with proximal linkages in the beta- but not the alpha -chains. H-1 NMR titrations of rHb (alpha H87G) with n-butyl isocyanide demonstrate the alpha -chains to be of high affinity as compared with the beta -chains. Comparing Ligand association and dissociation rates between the rHb (alpha H87G) variant with the T- and R-states of wild-type Hb A indicates that at the alpha -chains, carbon monoxide affinity is modulated entirely by the proximal Linkage, rather than from distal interactions. Some residual allosteric interactions may remain operative at the beta -chains of rHb (alpha H87G).