Growth, water and nitrogen relations in grassland model ecosystems of the semi-arid Negev of Israel exposed to elevated CO2

Are ecosystems in dry regions particularly responsive to atmospheric CO2 enrichment? We studied responses of semi-arid grassland assemblages from the northern Negev (Israel) to CO2 concentrations representative of the pre-industrial era, and early and mid to late 21st century (280, 440, and 600 mul l(-1), respectively). Communities of 32 mostly annual species were grown for a full season in large containers (ca 400 kg each) on native soil and under a simulated winter climate of the northern Negev. Ecosystem water relations were monitored weekly by wheeling containers onto a large electronic freight balance. Evapotranspiration was lower and soil water content was higher at elevated atmospheric CO2. Deep soil drainage was increased, thus reducing the amount of applied rainwater that was effectively captured by the model ecosystems at elevated CO2. At peak season, midday net ecosystem CO2 exchange increased with rising CO2 concentration, whereas nighttime exchange was not significantly affected. Aboveground biomass was 7% greater at 440 mul l(-1) and 17% greater at 600 mul l(-1) compared to 280 mul l(-1) CO2 Reproductive output at the end of the season was increased by 10% and 24% at the two elevated CO2 concentrations. Shoot nitrogen concentration was slightly reduced (significantly for grasses), but the total plant nitrogen pool reflected the biomass gain and was increased. While some responses, such as water savings and plant nitrogen pool, were more pronounced across the higher (440-600 mul l(-1)) than across the lower CO2 (280-440 mul l(-1)) interval, total plant biomass (above- plus below-round) was already CO2 saturated at 440 mul l(-1) (14% increase over biomass at 280 mul l(-1)). Surprisingly, the biomass, reproduction, and nitrogen responses at the community level were largely caused by a single legume species (Onobrychis crista-galli), with the other five legume species contributing less, and most grasses, non-leguminous forbs, and geophytes hardly responding to elevated CO2. Overall, responses were relatively small, despite the fact that we compared elevated to pre-industrial concentrations of CO2. This contrasts with our original assumption that ecosystems in seasonally dry regions will be particularly responsive to elevated CO2. Impacts of CO2 enrichment on soil moisture depletion and biomass production in semi-arid ecosystems will largely depend on the net effect of reduced water use (evapotranspiration) versus increased water loss (deep drainage and runoff), and on the presence of certain species. In this case, I out of 32 species was responsible for most of the effects at the community level.