Styelin D, an extensively modified antimicrobial peptide from ascidian hemocytes

We isolated styelin D, a 32-residue, C-terminally amidated antimicrobial peptide, from the blood cells (hemocytes) of the solitary ascidian, Styela clava, Styelin D had remarkably extensive post-translational modifications, containing two novel amino acids, dihydroxyarginine and dihydroxylysine, and two distinctly unusual ones, 6-bromotryptophan and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine. In addition, the peptide exhibited microheterogeneity because of differential mono- and dihydroxylation of several lysine residues. The primary sequence of one variant was: GW*LR**K**AAK**SVGK**FY*Y*K**HK*Y* Y*IK*AAWQIGKHAL-NH2, where W* is 6-bromotryptophan, R** is dihydroxyarginine, Y* is 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, K* is B-hydroxylysine, and K** is dihydroxylysine, Styelin D exhibited activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, and this activity was retained in 200 mM NaCl, The role of the extensive modifications may be to preserve activity at low pH and/or high salinity because, under these conditions, the native peptide was considerably more active against the Gram-positive bacterial strains than its unmodified synthetic analogue. The peptide was also hemolytic and quite cytotoxic to eukaryotic cells. These broad ranging activities, combined with its relative abundance in ascidian hemocytes, suggest that styelin D plays a significant role in the innate immune mechanisms of S. clava.