Exercise- and methylcholine-induced sweating responses in older and younger men: effect of heat acclimation and aerobic fitness

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of aging and aerobic fitness on exercise- and methylcholine-induced sweating responses during heat acclimation. Five younger [Y group - age: 23+/-1 (SEM) years; maximal oxygen consumption ((V) over dot(2max)): 47+/-3 ml.kg(-1).min(-1)], four highly fit older (HO group 63+/-3 years; 48+/-3 ml.kg(-1).min(-1)) and five normally fit older men (NO group - 67+/-3 years: 30+/-1 ml.kg(-1).min(-1)) who were matched for height, body mass and percentage fat, were heat acclimated by daily cycle exercise (approximate to 35% (V) over dot(2max) for 90 min) in a hot (43 degrees C, 30% (RH) environment for 8 days. The heat acclimation regimen increased performance time, lowered final rectal temperature (T-re) and percentage maximal heart rate (%HRmax), improved thermal comfort and decreased sweat sodium concentration similarly in all groups. Although total body sweating rates ((M over dot)(sw)) during acclimation were significantly greater in the Y and HO groups than in the NO group (P<0.01) (because of the lower absolute workload in the NO group), the (M) over dot(sw) did not change in all groups with the acclimation sessions. Neither were local sweating rates ((m) over dot(sw)) on chest, back, forearm and thigh changed in all groups by the acclimation. The HO group presented greater forearm (m) overdot(sw) (30-90 min) values and the Y group had greater back and thigh (m) over dot(sw) (early in exercise) values, compared to the other groups (P<0.001). In a methylcholine injection test on days immediately before and after the acclimation, the order of sweat output per gland (SGO) on chest, back and thigh was Y>HO>NO, and on the forearm Y=HO>NO. No group differences were observed for activated su eat gland density at any site. The SGO at the respective sites increased in the post-acclimation test regardless of group (P<0.01), but on the thigh the magnitude of the increase was lower in the NO (P<0.02) and HO (P=0.07) groups than in the Y group. These findings suggest that heat tolerance and the improvement with acclimation are little impaired not only in highly fit older but also normally fit older men, when the subjects exercised at the same relative exercise intensity. Furthermore, the changes induced by acclimation appear associated with an age-related decrease in (V) over dot(2max). However methylcholine-activated SGO and the magnitude of improvement of SGO with acclimation are related not only to (V) over dot(2max),, but also to aging, suggesting that sensitivity to cholinergic stimulation decreases with aging.