Parasitism by Microplitis demolitor induces alterations in the juvenile hormone titers and juvenile hormone esterase activity of its host, Pseudoplusia includens

Microplitis demolitor is a polydnavirus-carrying parasitoid that attacks the larval stage of Pseudoplusia includens and other noctuids. Parasitism or injection of wasp components like polydnavirus and teratocytes has a juvenilizing effect on P. includens development. Here we measured hemolymph juvenile hormone (JH) titers and juvenile hormone esterase activity in P. includens larvae after parasitism or injection of wasp components. Results were compared to nonparasitized larvae. During the fifth stadium, JH titers of nonparasitized larvae fluctuated between 0.08 and 0.50 ng/ml, whereas titers in parasitized larvae never fell below 2 ng/ml. P. includens larvae injected with calyx fluid plus venom or calyx fluid plus venom and teratocytes exhibited JH titers intermediate between parasitized and nonparasitized larvae. Nonparasitized larvae exhibited two peaks of JH esterase activity. The first occurred between 12 and 48 h in association with cessation of larval feeding, while the second occurred immediately before pupation. In contrast, levels of JH metabolism remained at low levels in parasitized larvae and larvae injected with calyx fluid plus venom or calyx fluid, venom and teratocytes. Only trace amounts of JH were detected in irt vitro assays of teratocytes or M. demolitor larvae suggesting neither released JH into the hemolymph of parasitized larvae. Although calyx fluid plus venom and teratocytes did not elevate JH titers to the levels measured in parasitized larvae, their effects on formation of larval-pupal intermediates by P. includens were similar to those generated by exogenous application of methoprene or JH.