Inhibition of distant caspase homologues by natural caspase inhibitors

Caspases play an important role in the ability of animal cells to kill themselves by apoptosis. Caspase activity is regulated in vivo by members of three distinct protease inhibitor families, two of which, baculovirus p35 and members of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family, are thought to be caspase specific. However, caspases are members of the clan of cysteine proteases designated CD, which also includes animal and plant legumains, and the bacterial proteases clostripain, gingipain-R and gingipain-K. Since these proteases have been proposed to have a common mechanism and evolutionary origin, we hypothesized that the caspase inhibitors may also regulate these other proteases. We tested this hypothesis by examining the effect of the natural caspase inhibitors on other members of protease clan CID. The IAP family proteins were found to have only a slight inhibitory effect on gingipain-R. The cowpox viral cytokine-response modifier A (CrmA) serpin had no effect on any of the proteases tested but a single point mutation of CrmA (Asp Lys) resulted in strong inhibition of gingipain-K. More substantial, with respect to the hypothesis, was the strong inhibition of gingipain-K by wild-type p35. The site in p35, required for inhibition of aingipain-K, was mapped to Lys(94). seven residues C-terminal to the caspase inhibitory site. Our data indicate that the virally encoded caspase inhibitors have adopted a mechanism that allows them to regulate disparate members of clan CD proteases.