Molecular mechanism of lysidine synthesis that determines tRNA identity and codon recognition

Lysidine (2-lysyl cytidine) is a lysine-containing cytidine derivative commonly found at the wobble position of bacterial AUA codon-specific tRNAIle. This modification determines both codon and amino acid specificities of tRNA(IIe). We previously identified tRNA(IIe)-lySidine synthetase (HIS) that synthesizes lysidine, for which it utilizes ATP and lysine as substrates. Here, we show that lysidine synthesis consists of two consecutive reactions that involve an adenylated tRNA intermediate. A mutation study revealed that Escherichia coli TilS discriminates tRNA(IIe) from the structurally similar tRNAMet having the same anticodon loop by recognizing the anticodon loop, the anticodon stem, and the acceptor stem. TilS was shown to bind to the anticodon region and 3' side of the acceptor stem, which cover the recognition sites. These findings reveal a dedicated mechanism embedded in tRNAIIe that controls its recognition and discrimination by TilS, and indicate the significance of this enzyme in the proper deciphering of genetic information.