Activation of G-protein-coupled receptors: a common molecular mechanism

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large family of proteins that contain a seven transmembrane helical structural motif. They mediate responses to several ligands by binding and activating intracellular heterotrimeric G proteins. Since the cloning of the first GPCR, insights gained from structure-function studies, genetics and drug development have contributed to uncovering a common mechanism that explains the activation of diverse GPCRs by their cognate agonists. This mechanism takes into consideration the conservation of the structure-function relationship in the basic seven transmembrane structural motif, and the dynamic changes in receptor conformation that are associated with activation. Combining models derived from the X-ray structure of rhodopsin with structure-function data allows a deeper understanding of the activation mechanism of GPCRs.