Recovery of recurrent parent traits when backcrossing in cotton

Six family groups of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), derived by backcrossing, were compared over multiple environments. Each group consisted of a different nonrecurrent parent (NRP), a cultivar from Africa with resistance to bacterial blight [caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum (Smith) Dye]; the same recurrent parent (RP), 'Westburn 70', susceptible to that disease; the F-4 of the cross between them; and the Bc(1)F(4), Bc(2)F(4), Bc(3)F(4), and Bc(4)F(4) generations. All entries were evaluated for lint yield, six fiber properties, and seven agronomic characters. Reactions to three diseases were also determined for the Bc4F4 and the RP in two environments per disease. The objectives of this study were to measure the degree and rate of recovery of RP traits through four backcross generations in upland cotton as well as to determine reactions to three diseases (including blight) in the Bc(4)F(4) generation. Eighty-four sets of comparisons (six family groups by 14 traits) were possible in the portions of the study not involving diseases. The NRPs differed significantly from the RP in 69 of the 84. Among those 69 combinations, the number (and percentage) of significant differences from the RP in the F4, Bc(1)F(4), Bc(2)F(4), Bc(3)F(4), and Bc(4)F(4) were 47 (68%), 35 (51%), 25 (36%), 25 (36%), and 14 (20%), respectively. No significant differences were detected in any family group between the Bc(4)F(4) and the RP for lint yield, 2.5 and 50% span lengths, uniformity index, and pulled lint percentage. One or more such differences were found for micronaire, T-0 and T-1 fiber strengths, picked lint percentage, boll size, bur size, lint weight per boll, lint index, and seed index. Depending on the trait, three, four, and often more backcrosses were required to recover the RP traits. Several instances of transgressive segregation were noted mainly in the earlier backcross generations. The observed rate of recovery of RP traits was 96% of the theoretical rate. The only intentional selection in these materials was for bacterial blight resistance. As expected, the level of blight resistance in the Bc(4)F(4) reflected that of its NRP. Also as expected, the level of tolerance to Verticillium wilt (caused by Verticillium dahliae Kleb.) and of resistance to the Fusarium wilt [caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schlect. f. sp. vasinfectum (Atk.) Snyd. & Hans.]-root-knot nematode [Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood] complex in the Bc(4)F(4) reflected that of the RP with three possible exceptions.