Exercise-Induced Changes in Metabolic Intermediates, Hormones, and Inflammatory Markers Associated With Improvements in Insulin Sensitivity

OBJECTIVE- To understand relationships between exercise training-mediated improvements in insulin sensitivity (S,) and changes in circulating concentrations of metabolic intermediates, hormones, and inflammatory mediators. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS- Targeted mass spectrometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to quantify metabolic intermediates, hormones, and inflammatory markers at baseline, after 6 months of exercise training, and 2 weeks after exercise training cessation (n = 53). A principal components analysis (PCA) strategy was used to relate changes in these intermediates to changes in S-I RESULTS- PCA reduced the number of intermediates from 90 to 24 factors composed of biologically related components. With exercise training, improvements in S-I were associated with reductions in by-products of fatty acid oxidation and increases in glycine and proline (P < 0.05, R-2 = 0.59); these relationships were retained 15 days after cessation of exercise training (P < 0.05, R-2 = 0.34). CONCLUSIONS- These observations support prior observations in animal models that exercise training promotes more efficient mitochondrial beta-oxidation and challenges current hypotheses regarding exercise training and glycine metabolism.