Physiopathology of severe sepsis

Regarding the definition Severe sepsis associates an explosive inflammatory reaction and organ failure. It is secondary to bacterial, fungal or viral infection. it can be at the origin of acute circulatory failure (state of septic shock). Response of the organism to infection The presence of certain components of the membrane of pathogenic agents induces the release of various mediators in cascade, notably cytokines. Toll-like receptors (10 cloned in humans) intervene in the detection of microbes and in the inherent and subsequently adaptive immune response. Immune paralysis The release of pro-inflammatory mediators characterizes the initial phase of sepsis. Persistence of the latter provokes acquired immunodepression, related to an antiinflammatory profile, and hence to a delayed decrease in hypersensitivity, an incapacity to cope with the infection and the onset of nosocomial infections. The role of the mediators During sepsis, the cytokines are predominantly pro-inflammatory (TNF-alpha and notably IL-1beta) whereas others, produced concomitantly or subsequently, are predominantly anti-inflammatory (IL-10 in particular). in fact, the majority of the cytokines have multiple and intrinsic effects, they mediate immune defense but also pathological manifestations. Many other mediators intervene: coagulation or complement systems, contact system, breakdown products of the phospholipid membrane, arachidonic acid metabolites, free radicals and nitrous oxide. Endocrine and metabolic dysregulati.ons The concept of relative adrenal insufficiency and peripheral syndrome of resistance to glycocorticosteroids have led to hormone replacement therapy during septic shock. Acute insulin resistance has also been described. The role of the endothelium and coagulation The endothelium plays a key part in the onset of vascular insufficiency during sepsis due to abnormalities in vasomotricity and thrombomodulation. The anticoagulant regulating system is perturbed; there is a decrease in protein C with inactivation of its active form, which has pro-fibrinolytic properties, and a decrease in antithrombin III. Regarding myocardial dysfunction. During septic shock there is often severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction, sometimes also involving the right ventricle, largely under-diagnosed despite its severe prognosis, and associated with reduced or even collapsed heart rate.