Poly-l-arginine enhances paracellular permeability via serine/threonine phosphorylation of ZO-1 and tyrosine dephosphorylation of occludin in rabbit nasal epithelium

Purpose. The purpose of the present study is to explore whether a poly-L-arginine (poly-L-Arg)-induced increase in tight junctions (TJ) permeability of fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextran (MW 4.4 kDa, FD-4) is associated with the Ca2+-dependent signaling and occurs following the phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of TJ proteins. Methods. Excised rabbit nasal epithelium was mounted in an Ussing-type chamber for measurement of FD-4 transport and membrane conductance (Gt) in the presence of various inhibitors that are involved in the Ca2+-dependent pathway and the phosphorylation/ dephosphorylation of TJ proteins. The resultant distribution of TJ proteins was observed using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) in an immunostaining. Results. The increase in TJ permeability of FD-4 induced by 0.2 mg/ml poly-L-Arg was not altered by treatment with inhibitors of possible Ca2+ mobilization pathways followed by exposure of poly-L- Arg, suggesting that the promoting effect of poly-L- Arg is independent of Ca2+-related signaling. On the other hand, the protein kinase C (PKC) and tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors suppress the increase in TJ permeability by poly-L- Arg, indicating that serine/threonine phosphorylation by way of Ca2+-independent PKC and tyrosine dephosphorylation of junction proteins may have occurred. Furthermore, immunofluorescent monitoring of ZO-1, a TJ associated protein, and occludin, an integral membrane protein localizing at TJ, after preincubation with PKC and tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors followed by poly-L- Arg treatment has shown that the internalization of ZO-1 and occludin occurred by way of serine/threonine phosphorylation by PKC activation and by way of tyrosine dephosphorylation, respectively, providing TJ disassembly. Conclusions. We conclude that poly-L- Arg enhances the paracellular permeability of FD-4 (i.e., macromolecules), at least, by way of both serine/threonine phosphorylation of ZO-1 and tyrosine dephosphorylation of occludin in rabbit nasal epithelium.