αE-catenin is an autoinhibited molecule that coactivates vinculin

alpha E-catenin, an essential component of the adherens junction, interacts with the classical cadherin-beta-catenin complex and with F-actin, but its precise role is unknown. aE-catenin also binds to the F-actin-binding protein vinculin, which also appears to be important in junction assembly. Vinculin and alpha E-catenin are homologs that contain a series of helical bundle domains, D1-D5. We mapped the vinculin-binding site to a sequence in D3a comprising the central two helices of a four-helix bundle. The crystal structure of this peptide motif bound to vinculin D1 shows that the two helices adopt a parallel, colinear arrangement suggesting that the alpha E-catenin D3a bundle must unfold in order to bind vinculin. We show that alpha E-catenin D3 binds strongly to vinculin, whereas larger fragments and full-length alpha E-catenin bind approximately 1,000-fold more weakly. Thus, intramolecular interactions within alpha E-catenin inhibit binding to vinculin. The actin-binding activity of vinculin is inhibited by an intramolecular interaction between the head (D1-D4) and the actin-binding D5 tail. In the absence of F-actin, there is no detectable binding of alpha E-catenin D3 to full-length vinculin; however, alpha E-catenin D3 promotes binding of vinculin to F-actin whereas full-length alpha E-catenin does not. These findings support the combinatorial or "coincidence" model of activation in which binding of high-affinity proteins to the vinculin head and tail is required to shift the conformational equilibrium of vinculin from a closed, autoinhibited state to an open, stable F-actin-binding state. The data also imply that alpha E-catenin must be activated in order to bind to vinculin.