Determination of the glass transition temperature of latex films:: Comparison of various methods

The glass transition temperature (T-g) for two latices with different styrene/butadiene compositions was determined by the thermal SPM probe resonance frequency method. The results were compared with the T-g values obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamical mechanical analysis (DMA), process rheometer (PR) and thermomechanical analyzer (TMA) measurements. The T-g values detected by the thermal SPM method agreed well with the T-g values obtained by DSC and calculated by the Fox-Flory equation. DMA, on the other hand, showed a significantly higher T-g value for both latices than those obtained from theoretical calculations, the thermal SPM method and DSC. The T-g obtained from the PR curve was slightly higher for the latex with a low styrene content, whereas good agreement was obtained with the thermal SPM data for the latex with a high styrene content. The glass transition temperature determined by TMA agreed fairly well with the thermal SPM data for the latex with the low styrene content, whilst the value of T-g for the second latex was much less than those obtained by the other methods. The thermal SPM method detects changes in thermal behavior (thermal diffusivity, heat capacity) during heating of the latex films rather than changes in the mechanical properties. Information about the sample history could be seen in the thermal SPM curves, which was further associated with the degree of latex film formation, especially when the roughness of the films was taken into consideration. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.