Cyclin D3 promotes adipogenesis through activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ

In addition to their role in cell cycle progression, new data reveal an emerging role of D-type cyclins in transcriptional regulation and cellular differentiation processes. Using 3T3-L1 cell lines to study adipogenesis, we observed an, up-regulation of cyclin D3 expression throughout the differentiation process. Surprisingly, cyclin D3 was only minimally expressed during the initial stages of adipogenesis, when mitotic division is prevalent. This seemingly paradoxical expression led us to investigate a potential cell cycle-independent role for cyclin D3 during adipogenesis. We show here a direct interaction between cyclin D3 and the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma). Our experiments reveal cyclin D3 acts as a ligand-dependent PPAR gamma coactivator, which, together with its cyclin-dependent kinase partner, phosphorylates the A-B domain of the nuclear receptor. Overexpression and knockdown studies with cyclin D3 had marked effects on PPAR gamma activity and subsequently on adipogenesis. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirm the participation of cyclin D3 in the regulation of PPAR gamma target genes. We show that cyclin D3 mutant mice are protected from diet-induced obesity, display smaller adipocytes, have reduced adipogenic gene expression, and are insulin sensitive. Our results indicate that cyclin D3 is an important factor governing adipogenesis and obesity.