Non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors contribute to peripheral arterial disease in patients with type 2 diabetes

Objective: This study evaluated the prevalence of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in type 2 diabetes and its association with traditional and non-traditional cardiovascular (CV) risk factors. Subjects and methods: In 1610 type 2 diabetics PAD was defined as ankle-brachial pressure index (ABPI) < 0.9. Results: PAD prevalence was 17%, increased with age, diabetes duration, HbA(1c) levels, previous CV events. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of traditional CV risk factors between patients with and without PAD. PAD patients had higher levels of fibrinogen (10.88 +/- 2.32 versus 10.2 +/- 2.23 mu mol/L; p < 0.0001), uric acid (327.1 +/- 89.2 versus 315.2 +/- 83.3 mu mol/L, p < 0.01), pulse pressure (70 +/- 18 versus 60 +/- 16 mmHg, p < 0.0001), higher rate of microalbuminuria (21.3% versus 13.7%; p < 0.05) and lower glornerular filtration rate (GFR, 80.7 +/- 24 versus 89.9 +/- 22 ml/min/1.73 m(2); p < 0.001) than those without. In age-gender-adjusted analysis, smoking (OR 1.5; CI: 1.07-2.2), HbA(1c) (OR 1.45; CI: 1.07-2.08), high pulse pressure (OR 2.81; CI: 1.63-4.82), reduced GFR (OR 2.16; CI: 1.4-3.3), microalburninuria (OR 1.62; CI: 1.11-2.36), high fibrinogen levels (OR 2.03; CI: 1.34-3.07) were associated with PAD. In multivariate analysis age, male sex, smoking, high pulse pressure, low GFR, high fibrinogen levels, previous CV events were independent risk factors for PAD. Conclusions: PAD prevalence is high in Type 2 diabetic patients. Non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors may be involved in the development of this complication. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.