Hepatitis B and C virus infections in the immune compromised

Purpose of review This review compares and contrasts the natural history and treatment of hepatitis B and C virus infections in three principal populations of immune compromised individuals: (1) patients co-infected with HIV; (2) patients with liver failure secondary to hepatitis B or C virus infection who undergo liver transplantation, and (3) patients with hepatitis B or C virus infection who undergo anticancer chemotherapy. Recent findings Chronic liver disease resulting from hepatitis B or C virus infection progresses more rapidly in patients co-infected with HIV than in HIV negative patients. Treatment protocols for antiviral therapy are, however, similar to those used in immunocompetent individuals and although few long-term results are available, the efficacy of interferon and ribavirin therapy in hepatitis C virus/HIV infection and lamivudine in HIV/hepatitis B virus infection has been proven in the short-term. Perhaps the most important consideration is the timing of administering treatments to co-infected patients. For patients with well preserved CD4 counts and hepatitis C virus/HIV co-infection, the hepatitis infection should be treated as early as possible to avoid drug interactions of hepatitis C virus antivirals with antiretroviral therapy. Also, response to hepatitis C virus treatment appears better when treatment is administered in the context of preserved immune function. Conversely, in hepatitis B virus/HIV co-infection, hepatitis B virus antivirals are best administered with anti-retroviral therapy, thus preventing the selection of HIV viral species which may be resistant to the drugs used for hepatitis B virus. Improved graft and patient survival after liver transplant and with anticancer chemotherapy in hepatitis B virus infected patients has been proven using lamivudine prophylaxis. However, although therapy for hepatitis C virus recurrence after liver transplantation would seem rational, limited success with current treatment protocols has been achieved. Summary Although the prognosis of hepatitis B and C virus infections in the immune compromised may be inferior to that of immunocompetent individuals, such patients should have full evaluation of their viral hepatitis, and antiviral therapy should be considered.