Perimetric defects and ganglion cell damage: Interpreting linear relations using a two-stage neural model

PURPOSE. To better understand the relations between glaucomatous perimetric defects and ganglion cell damage, a neural model was developed to interpret empiric findings on linear relations between perimetric defects and measures of ganglion cell loss. METHODS. A two-stage model computed responses of ganglion cell mosaics (first stage), then computed perimetric sensitivity in terms of processing by spatial filters (second stage) that pool the ganglion cell responses. Cell death and dysfunction were introduced in a local patch of the first-stage ganglion cell mosaic, and perimetric defect depth was computed for the corresponding region of the visual field. Calculations were performed for both sparse and dense ganglion cell mosaics and for spatial filters with peak frequencies from 0.5 to 4.0 cyc/deg. RESULTS. The model yielded nonlinear functions for perimetric defect depth in decibel versus the percentage of ganglion cell damage, but functions for lower spatial frequencies became linear when perimetric defect was expressed as a percentage of normal. The relations between perimetric defects and percentage of ganglion cell loss were determined primarily by spatial tuning of the second-stage spatial filters. For averaging sensitivities across different visual field locations, linear units (arithmetic mean) can more closely approximate mean ganglion cell loss than decibel units (geometric mean). Fits to data from experimental glaucoma required ganglion cell dysfunction in addition to ganglion cell loss. CONCLUSIONS. Pooling by second-stage spatial filters can account for empiric findings of linear relations between perimetric defects and measures of ganglion cell loss.