IL-1β, BK, and TGF-β1 attenuate PGI2-mediated cAMP formation in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells by multiple mechanisms involving p38 MAP kinase and PKA

We have previously shown that interleukin (IL)-1 beta, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta(1), or bradykinin (BK) impair cAMP generation in response to prostacyclin analogs in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle (PASM), suggesting that inflammation can impair the effects of prostacyclin analogs on PASM in pulmonary hypertension. Here we explored the biochemical mechanisms involved. We found that IL-1 beta, BK, and TGF-beta(1) reduced adenylyl cyclase isoform 1, 2, and 4 mRNA, increased G alpha(i) protein levels, and reduced prostacyclin receptor (IP receptor) mRNA expression. In contrast, G alpha(s) protein levels were unchanged. Protein kinase A (PKA) (H-89, KT-2750, PKIm) and p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (SB-202190) inhibitors attenuated these effects, but protein kinase C (bisindolylmaleide) or phosphoinositol 3-kinase (LY-294002) inhibitors did not. Fluorescent kemptide assay and Western blotting confirmed that PKA and p38 MAP kinase were activated by IL-1 beta, BK, and TGF-beta 1. These studies suggest that IL-1 beta, BK, and TGF-beta 1 impair IP receptor-mediated cAMP accumulation by multiple effects on different components of the signaling pathway and that these effects are PKA and p38 MAP kinase dependent.