Quantitative analyses of the biomineralization of different hard tissues

The primary crystallites of the different developing hard tissues have an apatite structure, However. they have crystal lattice distortions representing an intermediate state between amorphous and fully crystalline. We have applied energy-filtering transmission electron microscopy in the selected area electron diffraction mode to analyse different stages of crystal formation in dentine, bone, enamel and inorganic apatite mineral. We have obtained quantitative information on the degree of crystal lattice distortion using the paracrystal theory of Hosemann and Bagchi. We have found that the early formed crystallites of the hard tissues being analysed have a paracrystalline character comparable to biopolymers. However, with maturation, the lattice fluctuations of the crystallites of the hard tissues bone, enamel and dentine decrease to form a typical (para)crystalline character. Also the decrease of the organic proportion in the matrix corresponds to the decrease of the lattice fluctuation of the crystallites in the different hard tissues during maturation.