Relationship between P and N concentrations in maize and wheat leaves

Simple plant-based diagnostic tools can be used to determine crop P status. Our objectives were to establish the relationships between P and N concentrations of the uppermost collared leaf (P(L) and N(L)) of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) during the growing season and, in particular, to determine the critical leaf P concentrations required to diagnose P deficiencies. Various N applications were evaluated over six site-years for wheat and eight site-years for maize (2004-2006) with adequate soil P for growth. Phosphorus and N concentrations of the uppermost collared leaf were determined weekly and the relationships between leaf N and P concentrations were established using only the sampling dates from the stem elongation stage for wheat and from the V8 stage of development for maize. Leaf P concentration generally decreased with decreasing N fertilization. Relationships between P(L) and 111 concentrations (mg g(-1) DM) using all site-years and sampling dates were described by significant linear-plateau functions in both maize (P(L) = 0.82 + 0.089 N(L) if N(L) <= 32.1 and P(L) = 3.7 if N(L) > 32.1; R(2) = 0.41; P < 0.001) and wheat (P(L) = 0.02 + 0.106 N(L) if N(L) <= 33.2 and P(L) = 3.5 if N(L) > 33.2; R(2) = 0.42; P < 0.001). Variation among sampling dates in the relationships were noted. By restricting the sampling dates [413-496 growing degree days (5 degrees C basis) in wheat (i.e., stem elongation) and 1494-1579 crop heat units in maize (i.e., silking), relationships for wheat (P(L) = 0.29 + 0.073 N(L), R(2) = 0.66; P < 0.001) and maize (P(L) = 1.04 + 0.084 N(L), R(2) = 0.66; P < 0.001) were improved. In maize, expressing P and N concentrations on a leaf area basis (P(LA) and N(LA)) at silking further improved the relationship (P(LA) = 0.002 + 0.101 N(LA), R(2) = 0.80; P < 0.001). Predictive models of critical P concentration as a function of N concentration in the uppermost collared leaf of wheat and maize were established which could be used for diagnostic purposes. Crown Copyright (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.