Endogenous retroviral sequences in the pathogenesis of systemic autoimmune disease

Objectives: To update information on endogenous retroviral, sequences and discuss their role in systemic autoimmune disease. Data Sources: Articles retrieved after MEDLINE search and personal communications and cooperation with the Institute of Virology. Data Synthesis: There are 2 modes of pathogenetic mechanisms through which endogenous retroviral sequences could cause systemic autoimmune disease: expression of endogenous retroviral gene products sharing antigenic determinants with cellular proteins; and activation or destruction of cellular genes as a consequence of insertional mutagenesis. Both mechanisms have been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo in animal models. Conclusion: Investigations on endogenous retroviral sequences in humans may offer new insights into the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease.