Regulation of c-Rel nuclear localization by binding of Ca 2+/calmodulin

The NF-kappaB/Rel family of transcription factors participates in the control of a wide array of genes, including genes involved in embryonic development and regulation of immune, inflammation, and stress responses. In most cells, inhibitory IkappaB proteins sequester NF-kappaB/Rel in the cytoplasm. Cellular stimulation results in the degradation Of IkappaB and modification of NF-kappaB/Rel proteins, allowing NF-kappaB/Rel to translocate to the nucleus and act on its target genes. Calmodulin (CaM) is a highly conserved, ubiquitously expressed Ca2+ binding protein that serves as a key mediator of intracellular Ca2+ signals. Here we report that two members of the NF-kappaB/Rel family, c-Rel and RelA, interact directly with Ca2+-loaded CaM. The interaction with CaM is greatly enhanced by cell stimulation, and this enhancement is blocked by addition of IkappaB. c-Rel and RelA interact with CaM through a similar sequence near the nuclear localization signal. Compared to the wild-type protein, CaM binding-deficient mutants of c-Rel exhibit increases in both nuclear accumulation and transcriptional activity on the interleukin 2 and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor promoters in the presence of a Ca2+ signal. Conversely, for RelA neither nuclear accumulation nor transcriptional activity on these promoters is increased by mutation of the sequence interacting with CaM. Our results suggest that CaM binds c-Rel and RelA after their release from IkappaB and can inhibit nuclear import of c-Rel while letting RelA translocate to the nucleus and act on its target genes. CaM can therefore differentially regulate the activation of NF-kappaB/Rel proteins following stimulation.