Senkyunolide A inhibits the progression of osteoarthritis by inhibiting the NLRP3 signalling pathway

Context: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease. Senkyunolide A (SenA) is an important phthalide from Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort (Umbelliferae) with anti-spasmodic and neuroprotective effects. Objective: We explored the effect of SenA on IL-1 beta-stimulated chondrocytes and OA mice Materials and methods: Chondrocytes were stimulated by IL-1 beta (10 ng/mL) to establish an OA model in vitro. Cells were treated with SenA (20, 40, 80 and 160 mu g/mL) for 48 h. The in vivo OA model was established by cutting off the medial meniscus tibial ligament (MMTL) at right knee incision of male C57BL/6 mice. One week after surgery, mice were injected with SenA (intraperitoneally one week) and divided into four groups (n = 6 per group): Sham, OA, OA + SenA 20 mg/kg and OA + SenA 40 mg/kg. The OA progression was examined by haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Results: SenA treatment increased cell viability (33%), proliferation (71%), inhibited apoptosis (21%), decreased levels of catabolic marker proteins (MMP13, 23%; ADAMTS4, 31%; ADAMTS5, 19%), increased levels of anabolic marker proteins (IGF-1, 57%; aggrecan, 75%; Col2a1, 48%), reduced levels of inflammation cytokines (TNF-alpha, 31%; IL-6, 19%; IL-18, 20%) and decreased levels of NLRP3 (21%), ASC (20%) and caspase-1 (29%) of chondrocytes. However, NLRP3 agonist nigericin increased levels of MMP13 (55%), ADAMTS4 (70%), ADAMTS5 (53%), decreased levels of IGF-1 (36%), aggrecan (26%), Col2a1 (25%), inhibited proliferation (61%) and promoted apoptosis (76%). Discussion and conclusions: SenA alleviates OA progression by inhibiting NLRP3 signalling pathways. These findings provide an experimental basis for the clinical application of drugs in the treatment of OA.