The second order Raman spectroscopy in carbon crystallinity

Cellulose was heated in the absence/presence of B to determine crystallinity changes due to heat treatment and B doping with the objectives of evaluating the characteristics of the second order Raman spectroscopy in comparison with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the first order Raman spectroscopy. The crystallinity determined by XRD was similar to those of the first order Raman spectroscopy; crystallinity increases as heat treatment temperature (HTT) increases until 2300 degreesC. This increase in crystallinity was overturned at 2600 degreesC in B-doped carbon due to loss of B. But both techniques were not comparative on the determination of crystallite height (L-a) and did not evidently present the crystallinity changes. The second order Raman spectroscopy was used as an alternative technique to clearly quantify the difference in crystallinity. It was confirmed that this new evaluation methodology from the second order Raman spectroscopy is effective for the determination of carbon crystallinity. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.