Differences in the formation of PPARα-RXR/acoPPRE complexes between responsive and nonresponsive species upon fibrate administration

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR alpha) is responsible for the hypolipidemic, peroxisome proliferation and carcinogenic effects of fibrates. Rats and mice are responsive, but guinea pigs and primates are resistant to the proliferative and carcinogenic effects of these drugs, but the hypolipidemic effect is still manifest. It is not yet clear whether humans should be considered unresponsive, and there is concern about the long-term safety of fibrates. We present molecular evidence for the reported resistance of human cells to peroxisome proliferation by describing a deficient interaction of nuclear extracts from human cells with an acyl-CoA oxidase (ACO)-peroxisome proliferator response element probe upon fibrate addition. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay analysis showed that ciprofibrate elicited a concentration-dependent increase in the binding of nuclear extracts from cells of rat (Morris) and human (HepG2) origin to an ACO-peroxisome proliferator response element probe, although in HepG2 cells the increase was of marginal statistical significance. In Morris cells, the increase was more marked than in HepG2 cells (4-fold versus 1.5-fold at 0.2 mM ciprofibrate), and maximal binding was achieved earlier in Morris (30 min) than in HepG2 cells (3 h). Morris cells responded to the addition of ciprofibrate by increasing the levels of ACO mRNA, whereas HepG2 did not. The ratio between PPAR beta/PPAR alpha mRNAs was higher in HepG2 cells than in Morris cells (3.2 versus 1.9), pointing to an antagonizing effect of PPAR beta on PPAR alpha activity. These results were obtained in untransfected cells expressing their own basal set of receptors. We also provide evidence of the translocation of PPAR alpha from the cytosol to the nucleus upon activation by ciprofibrate.