Insulin induces transcription of target genes through the hypoxia-inducible factor HIF-1α/ARNT

Hypoxic stress induces the expression of genes associated with increased energy flux, including the glucose transporters Glut1 and Glut3, several glycolytic enzymes, nitric oxide synthase, tyrosine hydroxylase, erythropoietin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Induction of these genes is mediated by a common basic helix-loop-helix-PAS transcription complex, the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha)/aryl hydrocarbon nuclear translocator (ARNT), Insulin also induces some of these genes; however, the underlying mechanism is unestablished. We report here that insulin shares with hypoxia the ability to induce the HIP-1 alpha/ARNT transcription complex in various cell types. This induction was demonstrated by electrophoretic mobility shift of the hypoxia response element (HRE), and abolished by specific antisera to HIF-1 alpha and ARNT, and by transcription activation of HRE reporter vectors. Furthermore, basal and insulin-induced expression of Glut1, Glut3, aldolase A, phosphoglycerate kinase and VEGF was reduced in cells having a defective ARNT. Similarly, the insulin-induced activation of HRE reporter vectors and VEGF was impaired in these cells and was rescued by re-introduction of ARNT. Finally, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) also induced the HIF-1 alpha/ARNT transcription complex, These observations establish a novel signal transduction pathway of insulin and IGF-I and broaden considerably the scope of activity of HIF-1 alpha/ARNT.