Opioid receptors and legal highs:: Salvia divinorum and Kratom

被引:156
作者
Babu, Kavita M. [1 ]
McCurdy, Christopher R. [2 ]
Boyer, Edward W. [3 ,4 ]
机构
[1] Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Dept Emergency Med, Div Med Toxicol, Worcester, MA 01655 USA
[2] Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Dept Emergency Med, Div Med Toxicol, Mississippi State, MS USA
[3] Harvard Univ, Childrens Hosp, Boston, MA 02115 USA
[4] Univ Massachusetts, Dept Emergency Med, Div Med Toxicol, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
关键词
Salvia divinorum; salvinorin A; Kratom; mitragynine; dietary supplements;
D O I
10.1080/15563650701241795
中图分类号
R99 [毒物学(毒理学)];
学科分类号
100405 [卫生毒理学];
摘要
Salvia divinorum and Mitragyna speciosa ("Kratom"), two unscheduled dietary supplements whose active agents are opioid receptor agonists, have discrete psychoactive effects that have contributed to their increasing popularity. Salvia divinorum contains the highly selective kappa- opioid receptor agonist salvinorin A; this compound produces visual hallucinations and synesthesia. Mitragynine, the major alkaloid identified from Kratom, has been reported as a partial opioid agonist producing similar effects to morphine. An interesting minor alkaloid of Kratom, 7-hydroxymitragynine, has been reported to be more potent than morphine. Both Kratom alkaloids are reported to activate supraspinal mu- and delta- opioid receptors, explaining their use by chronic narcotics users to ameliorate opioid withdrawal symptoms. Despite their widespread Internet availability, use of Salvia divinorum and Kratom represents an emerging trend that escapes traditional methods of toxicologic monitoring. The purpose of this article is to familiarize toxicologists and poison control specialists with these emerging psychoactive dietary supplements.
引用
收藏
页码:146 / 152
页数:7
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