IKK inhibition by BMS-345541 suppresses breast tumorigenesis and metastases by targeting GD2+ cancer stem cells

We have identified that the ganglioside GD2 is a marker for breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs), and that targeting the enzyme GD3 synthase (GD3S, which regulates GD2 biosynthesis) reduces breast tumorigenesis. The pathways regulating GD2 expression, and their anomalous functions in BCSC, are unclear. Proteomic analysis of GD2(+) and GD2-cells from breast cancer cell lines revealed the activation of NF kappa B signaling in GD2+ cells. Dose-and time-dependent suppression of NF kappa B signaling by the small molecule inhibitor BMS-345541 reduced GD2(+) cells by > 90%. Likewise, BMS-345541 inhibited BCSC GD3S expression, mammosphere formation, and cell migration/invasion in vitro. Breast tumor-bearing mice treated with BMS-345541 showed a statistically significant decrease in tumor volume and exhibited prolonged survival compared to control mice, with a median survival of 78 d for the BMS-345541-treated group vs. 58 d for the controls. Moreover, in an experimental metastases model, treatment with BMS-345541 reduced the lung metastases by > 5-fold. These data suggest that GD2 expression and function, and NF kappa B signaling, are related, and they control BCSCs tumorigenic characteristics. Thus, the suppression of NF.B signaling by BMS-345541 is a potentially important advance in controlling breast cancer growth and metastases.