Implantation of decellularized small-caliber vascular xenografts with and without surface heparin treatment

Heparin treatment of decellularized xenografts has been reported to reduce graft thrombogenicity. However, little is known about the in vivo comparison of heparin-treated with non-heparin-treated xenografts, especially for small-caliber vascular implants. We implanted either a heparin-treated or a non-heparin-treated canine carotid artery as bilateral carotid xenograft in rabbits (n = 24). Small-caliber xenografts (3 similar to 4 mm) were decellularized by enzymatic and detergent extraction and were further covalently linked with heparin. During implantation, thrombosis rate was 4% in the heparin-treated xenografts and 25% in the non-heparin-treated xenografts after 3 weeks (P < 0.05). After 6 months, it was 8 versus 58%, respectively (P < 0.01). Both heparin-treated and non-heparin-treated xenografts harvested at the end of 3 and 6 months showed a satisfactory cellular reconstruction of either smooth muscle cells or endothelial cells. These results indicate that heparin treatment of the small-caliber decellularized xenograft reduces the in vivo thrombogenicity. Both heparin-treated and non-heparin-treated xenografts seem to undergo a similar cellular remodeling process up to 6 months.