Self-assembled nanoelectronic quantum computer based on the Rashba effect in quantum dots

Quantum computers promise vastly enhanced computational power and an uncanny ability to solve classically intractable problems. However, few proposals exist for robust, solid-state implementation of such computers where the quantum gates are sufficiently miniaturized to have nanometer-scale dimensions. Here I present a new approach whereby a complete computer with nanoscale gates might be self-assembled using chemical synthesis. Specifically, I demonstrate how to self-assemble the fundamental unit of this quantum computer-a two-qubit universal quantum gate-based on two exchange coupled multilayered quantum dots. Then I show how these gates can be wired using thiolated conjugated molecules as electrical connectors. Each quantum dot in this architecture consists of ferromagnet-semiconductor-ferromagnet layers. The ground state in the semiconductor layer is spin split because of the Rashba interaction and the spin-splitting energy can be varied by an external electrostatic potential applied to the dot. A spin polarized electron is injected into each dot from one of the ferromagnetic layers and trapped by Coulomb blockade. Its spin orientation encodes a qubit. Arbitrary qubit rotations are effected by bringing the spin-splitting energy in a target quantum dot in resonance with a global ac magnetic field by applying a potential pulse of appropriate amplitude and duration to the dot. The controlled dynamics of the universal two-qubit rotation operation can be realized by exploiting the exchange coupling with the nearest-neighboring dot. The qubit (spin orientation) is read via the current induced between the ferromagnetic layers under an applied potential. The ferromagnetic layers act as "polarizers" and "analyzers" for spin injection and detection. A complete prescription for initialization of the computer and data input/output operations is presented. This paradigm, to the best of our knowledge, draws together two great: recent scientific advances: one in materials science (nanoscale self-assembly) and the other in information science (quantum computing).