Bottom sediments of the Arabian Gulf .2. TPH and TOC contents as indicators of oil pollution and implications for the effect and fate of the Kuwait oil slick

Measurements of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentrations in 77 core samples collected in 1992 from the bottom sediments of the Arabian Gulf were used to delineate oil pollution levels and their distribution in the region. Seven chronic moderately (TPH 50-89 mu g g(-1)) and heavily (TPH 266-1448 mu g g(-1)) polluted areas were identified; three in the northern part of the region and four in the southern part. Oil pollution in these areas was attributed to natural oil seepage, accidental damage to pipelines, accidental spillage front rankers, the Nowruz oil slick, and tanker deballasting. Present-day intermediate (TPH 50-114 mu g g(-1)) and high (TPH 200-1122 mu g g(-1)) pollution levels were identified in 10 areas. Of these, three polluted areas iii the northeastern corner, offshore Saudi Arabia and offshore Bahrain, Qatar and United Arab Emirates are probably directly affected bf the Kuwait oil slick. A new scenario is suggested for the movement and fate of the oil slick, in which additional large oil discharges from northern sources, as well as substantial quantities of eroded oiled sediments mid oil floating from heavily impacted tidal flats along the Saudi Arabian coastline, serve as sources of oil pollution. A definite relationship exists between the grain-size distribution and the TPH content of bottom sediments, with the highest TPH concentrations in the muddy sediments, suggesting chat adsorption onto muds is the primary mechanism of oil pollutant accumulation in the Arabian Gulf. Total organic carbon measurements do not correlate positively with the grain-size distribution and TPH contents of the sediments, and hence cannot be used as indicators for petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in the Arabian Gulf. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd