Epidemiology, management, and risk factors for death of invasive Candida infections in critical care: A multicenter, prospective, observational study in France (2005-2006)

Objective: To describe the evolving epidemiology, management, and risk factors for death of invasive Candida infections in intensive care units (ICUs). Design: Prospective, observational, national, multicenter study. Setting: One hundred eighty ICUs in France. Patients: Between October 2005 and May 2006, 300 adult patients with proven invasive Candida infection who received systemic antifungal therapy were included. Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: One hundred seven patients (39.5%) with isolated candidemia, 87 (32.1%) with invasive candidiasis without documented candidemia, and 77 (28.4%) with invasive candidiasis and candidernia were eligible. In 37% of the cases, candidernia occurred within the first 5 days after ICU admission. C. albicans accounted for 57.0% of the isolates, followed by C. glabrata (16.7%), C. parapsilosis (7.5%), C. krusei (5.2%), and C. tropicalis (4.9%). In 17.1% of the isolates, the causative Candida was less susceptible or resistant to fluconazole. Fluconazole was the empirical treatment most commonly introduced (65.7%), followed by caspofungin (18.1%), voriconazole (5.5%), and amphotericin B (3.7%). After identification of the causative species and susceptibility testing results, treatment was modified in 86 patents (31.7%). The case fatality ratio in ICU was 45.9% and did not differ significantly according to the type of episode. Multivariate analysis showed that factors independently associated with death in ICU were type 1 diabetes mellitus (odds ratio [OR] 4.51; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.72-11.79; p = 0.002), immunosuppression (OR 2.63; 95% CI 1.35-5.11; p = 0.0045), mechanical ventilation (OR 2.54; 95% CI 1.33-4.82; p = 0.0045), and body temperature >38.2 degrees C (reference, 36.5-38.2 degrees C; OR 0.36; 95% CI 0.17-0.77; p = 0.008). Conclusions: More than two thirds of patients with invasive candidiasis in ICU present with candidemia. Non-albicans Candida species reach almost half of the Candida isolates. Reduced susceptibility to fluconazole is observed in 17.1% of Candida isolates. Mortality of invasive candidiasis in ICU remains high. (Crit Care Med 2009; 37:1612-1618)